Transformation of Sentences

Chapter Name: Transformation of Sentences

GK cÖKvi evK¨ Ab¨ GK cÖKvi ev‡K¨ iæcvšÍwiZ Kiv‡K Transformation of Sentences e‡j|

   

2 fv‡e evK¨ cwieZ©b Kiv hvqt

K) ev‡K¨i A‡_©i cwieZ©b NwU‡q|

L) ev‡K¨i A‡_©i cwieZ©b bv NwU‡q|

Affirmative †K negative I interrogative G cwieZ©bt

 A‡_©i cwieZ©b K‡it

Present I past indefinite tense Gi †h me ev‡K¨ am, is, are, was, were, etc g~j ev principal verb wnmv‡e e¨envi nq Zv‡`i‡K Negative Ki‡Z n‡j H verb ¸‡jvi c‡i not emv‡Z nq Ges Interrogative Ki‡Z n‡j H verb ¸‡jv‡K Subject Gi Av‡M emv‡Z nq|    

Examples:

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I am a boy.	I am not a boy.	Am i a boy?
He is a student.	He is not a student.	Is he a student?
They were happy.	They were not happy.	Were they happy?
We are good men.	We are not good men.	Are we good men?
He was absent.	He was not absent.	Was he absent?

A‡_©i cwieZ©b bv K‡it

wKQz wKQz evK¨ Av‡Q hv wPišÍb mZ¨, Af¨vm, ¯^iæc, HwZnvwmK eZ©gvb BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i e‡j H me evK¨ †K GK iƒc †_‡K Ab¨ iƒ‡c ‡bIqvi mgq G‡`i A‡_©i K_v we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq| KviY g~j A_© †hb wecixZ bv n‡q hvq †m w`‡K jÿ ivLv cÖ‡qvRb| ‡hgbt Man is mortal. (gvbyl giYkxj) evK¨wU‡K hw` Gfv‡e Negative Kiv nq Man is not mortal. (gvbyl giYkxj bq) Zvn‡j Zv GK wPišÍb m‡Z¨i wecixZ n‡q Øvivq| AZGe evK¨wU‡K Ggb fv‡e Negative Ki‡Z n‡e †hb Gi A_© AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| †hgbt Man is not Immortal. (gvbyl Agi bq) A_ev No man is Immortal (‡Kvb gvbyl Agi bq)|

More Examples:

Affirmative	Negative
He is wish.	He is not unwish.
He is a good man.	He is not a bad man.
The shirt is dirty.	The shirt is not clean.
He is kind.	He is not rude. (wb`©q)
The boy is active.	The boy is not lazy.

A‡_©i cwieZ©b K‡it ‡h me Affirmative ev‡K¨i g~j verb †Kvb be- verb bq Zv‡`i †K Negative Ki‡Z n‡j verb Gi Av‡M Subject I tense Abyhvqx auxiliary verb + not emv‡Z n‡e Ges g~j verb Gi (Perfect I tense ev‡` Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Î) Present iƒc e¨envi n‡e|

Auxiliary verb ¸‡jv n‡e wb¤œiƒct

Present Indefinite Tense	:	Do, does
Present Perfect Tense	:	have, has
Present Continuous Tense	:	am, is, are
Past Indefinite Tense	:	Did
Past Continuous Tense	:	was, were
Past Perfect Tense	:	had
Future Indefinite Tense	:	Shall, will
Future Continuous Tense	:	Shall be, will be

Examples:

Affirmative	Negative	Interrogative
I go there.	I do not go there.	Do I go there?
I helped him.	I did not help him.	Did I help him?
He broke it.	He did not break it.	Did he break it?
I shall go.	I shall not go.	Shall I go?
He will come.	He will not come.	Will he come?

A‡_©i cwieZ©b bv K‡it

Affirmative	Negative
He obeys me.	He does not disobey me.
Everybody likes flower.	There is no body who does not like flowers.
Everybody has some needs.	There is no body who has no needs.

Rule 1. Affirmative evK¨ Every w`‡q ïiæ n‡j, Ges evK¨wUi verb ‡K cwieZ©b Kiv †M‡j Every Gi ¯’‡j no

             emv‡bv  hvq|

Aff.: Every man must fall prey to (wkKvi nIqv) death.

Neg.: No man can avoid death.

Aff.: Every one loves him.

Neg.: No one hates him.

Rule 2. Affirmative ev‡K¨ always _vK‡j  Negative G Never emv‡Z nq Ges Zvi GKwU verb ev  noun ev

            adjective cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq

Aff.: We should always speak the truth.

                             adj       v                n

Neg.: We should never tell a lie.

                            adj       v        n

Rule 3. Affirmative evK¨ as soon as w`‡q ïiæ n‡j Negative evK¨ no sooner had w`‡q ïiæ n‡e|

Aff.: As soon as I arrived home, it begin to rain.

Neg.: No sooner had I arrived home than it begin to rain.

Rule 4. Affirmative G all _vK‡j Negative G no e¨envi Ki‡Z nq Ges Affirmative ev‡K¨i adjective ev

            verb ‡K cwiewZ©Z K‡i wecixZv_©K Ki‡Z nq|

Aff.: All men here are poor.

                                    adj

Neg.: No men here are rich.

                                     adj

Rule 5. Affirmative G Subject Gi Av‡M hw` only _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv‡Z Negative Ki‡Z n‡j none but e¨envi

            Ki‡Z nq|

Aff.: Only allah can help us.

Neg.: None but allah can help us.

Rule 6. Affirmative G sometimes _vK‡j Negative G not always em‡e|

Aff.: He sometimes smoke.

Neg.: He does not always smoke.

Rule 7.  Affirmative G many _vK‡j Negative G (not) a few Ges Affirmative G a few _vK‡j  

             Negative G (not) many e‡m| Affirmative G a little ev much _vK‡j Negative G h_vµ‡g   

             (not)  much ev (not) a little e¨envi n‡e|

Aff.: There are many people here.

Neg.: There are not a few people here.

Aff.: I want much milk.

Neg.: I do not want  a little milk.

Rule 8. Affirmative G for ever ev for good _vK‡j Negative G Never e¨envi Kiv nq| GQviv verb ‡K   

  Ggb ev‡e cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e †hb Zv wecixZv_©K A_© cÖKvk K‡i|

Aff.: He has lift the village forever.

Neg.: He will never come to the village again.                                            (ms‡ÿwcZ)

From Positive to Comparative and Superlative

Rule 1.       

Positive : NP+ be +a/an + adj + NP+.........   She is a good girl in the class.

Comparative : NP+ be + adj (Comparative) + than + any other + NP+ .........

She is better than any other girl in the class.

(any other Gi cwie‡Z© all other ee¨nvi Kiv hv‡e Z‡e NPGi plural from n‡e|

Superlative:                   NP+be+the+adj (superlative) + NP +.........

She is the best girl in the class.

GLv‡b Positive Gi A_© comparative G Gm cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q KviY †m GKRb fvj †g‡q ej‡j GUv  eySvq bv †h †m Ab¨ KviI ‡P‡q  fvj  Aek¨ comparative Ges Superlative G G‡`i g‡a¨ A‡_©i †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv| AZGe comparative Ges Superlative Gi A_© hw` Positive G AcwiewZ©Z ivL‡Z nq Zvn‡j wb¤œ wjwLZ fv‡e Positive

Ki‡Z n‡e|

No other +NP+ ...... + be + as + adj + as + NP

‡hgbt          Com: He is better than any other boy in the class.

          Sup: He is the best boy in class.

          Pos: No other boy in the class is as good as he.

          Sup: Mirtika is the wisest girl in the family.

          Com: Mirtika is wiser than any other girl in the family.

          Pos: No other girl in the family is as wise as Mirtika.

Rule 2. hLb gvÎ `yBwU e¨w³, e¯‘ BZ¨vw`i g‡a¨ Zzjbv eySv‡Z Comparative Degree e¨envi nq ZLb ev‡K¨i MVb nq wb¤œiæc (NP1+ be + adj.)(Com,) + than + NP2........ ‡hgbt Rahim is stronger than karim.

‡m‡ÿ‡Î Zv‡K Positive Ki‡Z n‡j wb‡¤œ wjwLZ wbqg Aby¯^iY Ki‡Z n‡e|

NP2+ be + not + so + adj + us + NP1      ‡hgb, Karim is not so strong us Rahim.

Com: Moheni is wiser than Mirtika.

Pos: Mirtika is not wise us Moheni.

Rule 3. gvÎ `ywU e¯‘ ev e¨w³i g‡a¨ Zzjbv ev mgvb †hvM¨Zv ev ˆewkó¨ eySv‡Z Positive evK¨ wb¤œiƒ‡c MwVZ nqt

NP1 + be + us + adj + us +  NP2   ‡hgbt He is us strong us Rana Masud.

kw³i w`K w`‡q Dfq mgvb, †KD Kv‡iv †P‡q Kg ev †ewk bq| G †ÿ‡Î evK¨wU‡K wb‡Pi wbq‡g Comparative Ki‡Z nq: NP2 + be + not + adj.(Comp.) + than + NP1

‡hgbt Dc‡ii  evK¨wUi Comparative iƒc n‡e; Rana Masud is  not stronger than he (is).

Superlative Degree hLb NP + one of the + adj.(Superlative) Gfv‡e MwVZ nq ZLb evK¨ wU n‡e wb¤œiƒct

NP1 + be + one of the + adj. (superlative) + NP2 (Plural) + Phrase

‡hgbt  His on of the best boy in Bangladesh.   

ZLb Zv‡K  Comparative Ki‡Z n‡e wb¤œiƒ‡ct

NP1 + be + adj. (Comp.) + than  + many other + NP2 (Plurol) + Phrase

‡hgbt Dc‡ii evK¨wUi Comparative n‡et He is better than many other boys in Bangladesh.

                                                                    (‡m evsjv‡`‡ki A‡bK †Q‡ji †P‡q fvj)

          Ges Giƒc ev‡K¨i Positive Ki‡Z nq wb¤œiƒ‡c;

Very few + NP2 (Plural) + Phrase + be + us + adj + us + NP1

‡hgbt Very few boys in Bangladesh are us good us he (evsjv‡`‡k Lye Kg msL¨K †Q‡jivB Zvi gZ fvj|)

From Complex to Simple and from Simple to Complex

Rule 1. Simple sentence Gi verb Gi c‡i hw` GK ev GKvwaK Word Gi GKwU Object _v‡K Ges  Zv ‡Kvb ¯’vb †K  bv eySvq Zvn‡j H Object ‡K GKwU Clause Gi cwiewZ©Z K‡i evK¨wU‡K Complex G iƒcvwšÍZ Kiv n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î Object wUi Av‡M What ewm‡q Zvi (Object - Gi ) c‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq verb emv‡Z nq| hw` Which e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e nq Zvn‡j Zv H Object  Gi c‡i em‡e Ges Zvici verb em‡e|

Examples: Simple: I saw his pen.

                    Complex: I saw the pen which was his.

Rule 2. Object wU hw` ‡Kvb RvqMv ev ¯’vb eySvq Zvn‡j Zvi Av‡M where Ges Zv hw` †Kvb mgq eySvq Zvn‡j Zvi

             Av‡M When e‡m|

Examples: Simple: I know his birthday.

                    Complex: I know when he was born.

                    or I know the day that he was born.

Rule 3. Simple sentence hw` NP + be + too + adj. + to + verb Giƒc nq Zvn‡j Zv‡K complex Ki‡Z

              n‡j evK¨‡K wb¤œiƒc wbqg Aby¯^iY Ki‡Z n‡e| NP + be + so + adj. + NP + can not + verb.

Examples: Sim: He is too foolish to understand it.

        Com: He is so foolish that he can not understand it.

Rule 4. Simple sentence      hw` NP1 + be + too + adj. + for + NP2 + to + verb Giƒc nq Z‡e Complex

              Ki‡Z n‡e wb¤œiƒc fv‡e|

NP1 + be + so + adj. + NP2 + can not + verb + pronoun Ki‡Z n‡e

Examples: Sim: The box is too heavy for me to carry.

        Com: This box is so heavy that I can not carry it.

Rule 4. Simple sentence Gi cÖ_‡g hw` verb + ing _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv‡K Complex Ki‡Z n‡e wb¤œiƒ‡c:

When + NP + verb +.......... G‡ÿ‡Î NP wU Simple Sentence Gi cieZx© Ask †_‡K wb‡Z n‡e| Ges verb Gi Tense n‡e Simple Sentence Gi Tense Gi Abyiƒc|

Examples: Sim: Completing the work, He felt satisfied.

      Com: When he completed the work, He felt satisfied.

Rule 5. Simple sentence Gi cÖ_‡g hw` having + V.P.P + ......... _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv‡K Complex G cwiewZ©Z Ki‡Z n‡j H Ask UzKz‡K wb¤œ iƒ‡c cwiewZ©Z Ki‡Z n‡e|

When + NP + had + V.P.P........

Examples: Sim: Having heard the news, he carried out is sorrow.

         Com: When he had heard the news, she carried out in the sorrow

Rule 6.  Simple sentence G in order to _vK‡j Zv‡K Complex Ki‡Z n‡j in order to Zz‡j w`‡q Zvi ¯’‡j in order that + NP + may/so that + NP + may emv‡Z n‡e|

Examples: Sim: We earn money in order to live a happy life.

         Com: We earn money so that we may live a happy life.

Rule 7.  Simple Sentence  G in spite of _vK‡j Complex G though/al though e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

Examples: Sim: In spite of his poverty, he is happy.

                  Com: Though he is poor, he is happy.

Simple to Compound and From Compound to Simple

Rule 1.  Simple Sentence G hw` to + verb ‡Kvb D‡Ïk¨ eySvq wKsev hw` in order to _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv‡K Compound Ki‡Z n‡j in order to ev to + verb Gi evg cv‡ki AskUzKz (v+o/-) mvRv‡Z  n‡e A_©¨vr Zv‡K Imperative sentence Gi gZ K‡i MwVZ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges in order to Zz‡j w`‡q ev  to + verb _vK‡j to Zz‡j w`‡q and (you will) emv‡Z n‡e|

Examples: Sim: You must hard in order to succeed.

                  Com:  hard and (you will) succeed.

Rule 2.  Simple Sentence hw` by + v (ing) Øviv MwVZ Zvn‡j Zv‡K wb¤œiƒ‡c Compound iƒcvwšÍZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

Examples: Sim: By eating a balanced died, we can be healthy.

                  Com: We eat a balanced diet and we can be healthy.

Rule 3.  Simple Sentence hw` without + v (ing) Øviv MwVZ nq Zvn‡j  Zv‡K Complex Ki‡Z n‡j or ev otherwise e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

Examples: Sim: Without reading hard, you cannot pass.

                  Com: Read hard of (otherwise) you will not pass.

Rule 4.  Simple Sentence G hw` for _v‡K Ges Zv in order to Gi gZ D‡Ïk¨ eySvq Zvn‡j Zv‡K Compound

               Ki‡Z †M‡j in order to Gi †ÿ‡Î †h c×wZ Aby¯^iY Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv Aby¯^iY Ki‡Z n‡e|

Examples: Sim: You should work hard for 

                  Com: Work hard and (you will)

Rule 5.  A‡bK mgq pronoun Gi possessive case Gi ci verb + ing ewm‡q Compound Sentence ‡K

             Simple Sentence G cwieZ©b Kiv hvq|

Examples: Sim:  He was kicked out from the stage and were surprised at it.

                  Com: We were surprised at his being kicked out from the stage.

Simple to Complex and Complex to Simple

Examples: Simple                   : He was the first body to win the prize.

        Complex      : He was the first body who won the prize.

From Complex to Compound From Compound to Complex

Rule 1.  Complex sentence Gi GKwU Cluse hw` as soon as, no sooner had, hardly had, scarcely had, w`‡q ïiæ nq Zvn‡j Zv‡K Compound G iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z n‡j Zvi wecixZ Cluse Gi †k‡l at once Gi `ywU Ges g‡a¨ emv‡Z n‡e|

Examples: Complex     : As soon as we reached there, the rain started.

                  Compound  :  We reached there and the rain started at once.

Rule 2.  Complex Sentence Gi GKwU Cluse hw` if you Øviv MwVZ nq ev if Cluse nq Zv‡nj Zv‡K wb¤œiƒ‡c

              compound G iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

1. Complex Sentence wU hw` affirmative ev nu¨v-‡evaK nq Zvn‡j if you Zz‡j w`‡q verb Gi c‡i and emv‡Z   

    nq|

2. Complex Sentence wU bv-‡evaK nq ev negative nq Zvn‡j if you do not Zz‡j w`‡q verb Gi †k‡l or emv‡Z nq|

Examples: Complex     : If you study, you will pass.

                  Compound  : Study and you will pass.

Rule 2.  Complex Sentence GKwU Cluse Gi Av‡M hw` though ev although _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv‡K compound  G iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z n‡j though/although Gi cwie‡Z© cluse wU Av‡M †j‡L Zvici but wjL‡Z n‡e Ges Zvici though ev although Gi Av‡M ( A_©¨vr Dc‡i) cluse ev Ask UzKz emv‡Z n‡e|

Examples: Complex     : Though he was poor, he was honest.

                  Compound  : He was poor but (he was) honest.